A Scalable Standing-Wave-Oscillator-based Imager with Near-Field-Modulated Pixels Achieving 64% Filling Factor for RF Intraoperative Imaging

This paper presents a near-field sensing architecture for RF intraoperative imaging. By modulating the fringing E-fields from a transmission line using NMOS transistors, localized near-field sensing with 51.2µm × 50µm resolution and 64% filling factor is achieved. The 180-nm CMOS prototype utilizes standing-wave oscillators for readout and demonstrates tumor tissue imaging.